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MITRAL VALVE DISEASE

Mitral Regurgitation (MR) accounts for the vast majority of all mitral valve diseases.1 It has a prevalence of approximately 2% in the general population and is more common in the elderly population.3 Approximately 10% of people over the age of 70 have clinically meaningful MR.5

If left untreated, MR can lead to Heart Failure (HF), or deterioration of pre-existing HF, resulting in an increased number of hospital admissions and a substantial cost burden to health systems.6,8

MR is a progressive disease, and patients may remain asymptomatic even when the condition has become severe, as compensatory mechanisms develop.11
In some cases, the following symptoms may be experienced:9,10,18

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY is the basis for diagnosing Valvular Heart Disease (VHD), including MR.16

CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE (CMR) is a valuable diagnostic tool, especially in patients with limited echo quality, those whose MR severity is unclear, or those who require an evaluation of the myocardial anchoring of the atrioventricular valves.20
 

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) provides a detailed image of the valve anatomy, especially of the systolic and diastolic ventricle geometry. This information can be valuable for planning a catheter-based intervention.20
 

The diagnostic pathway of MR has changed over the past few years to align with new treatment options available with regard to transcatheter interventions.
Besides evaluating clinical symptoms like nausea and fatigue, auscultation of the heart is key to diagnosing MR and a detailed pre-operative characterization
of the mitral valve is key to procedural success.20
 

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References
  1. Lung B, Baron G, Butchart EG, et al. A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J.
    2003;24(13):1231–43. doi.org/10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00201-X.
  2. De Bonis M, Al-Attar N, Antunes M, et al. Surgical and interventional management of mitral valve regurgitation: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology
    Working Groups on Cardiovascular Surgery and Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(2):133–9. doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv322.
  3. Cahill TJ, Prothero A, Wilson J, et al. Community prevalence, mechanisms and outcome of mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. Heart. 2021;107(12):1003–9.
    dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318482.
  4. Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, et al. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet.
    2012;380(9836):37–43. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60240-2.
  5. Singh JP, Evans JC, Levy D, et al. Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol.
    1999;83(6):897–902. doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)01064-9.
  6. Alegria-Barrero E, Chan PH, Paulo M, et al. Edge-to-edge percutaneous repair of severe mitral regurgitation–state-of-the-art for Mitraclip™ implantation. Circ J.
    2012;76(4):801–8. doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-11-1462.
  7. Healthcare Commission. Pushing the boundaries. Improving services for people with heart failure. 2007. Available at: webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20081006104707/
    www.cqc.org.uk/_db/_documents/Pushing_the_boundaries_Improving_services_for_patients_with_heart_failure_200707020413.pdf (last accessed: 23 March 2023).
  8. Braunschweig F, Cowie MR, Auricchio A. What are the costs of heart failure? Europace. 2011;13 Suppl 2:ii13–7. doi.org/10.1093/europace/eur081.
  9. Pedrazzini GB, Faletra F, Vassalli G, et al. Mitral regurgitation. Swiss medical weekly. 2010;140(3–4):36–43. doi.org/10.4414/smw.2010.12893.
  10. Mayo Clinic. Mitral valve regurgitation. 2019. Available at: www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178
    (last accessed: March 2023).
  11. Sparano DM, Ward RP. Management of asymptomatic, severe mitral regurgitation. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine. 2012;14(6):575-83.
  12. Cioffi G, Tarantini L, De Feo S, et al. Functional mitral regurgitation predicts 1-year mortality in elderly patients with systolic chronic heart failure. Euro J Heart Fail.
    2005;7(7):1112–7. doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.01.016.
  13. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos J-F, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med.
    2005;352(9):875–83. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041451.
  14. Grigioni F, Tribouilloy C, Avierinos J-F, et al. Outcomes in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets a multicenter European study. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging.
    2008;1(2):133–41. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2007.12.005.
  15. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the
    diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA)
    of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599–3726. doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.
  16. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease: Developed by the Task Force for the management of
    valvular heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Euro Heart J. 2022;43(7):561–632.
    doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395.
  17. Gaasch WH, Meyer TE. Left ventricular response to mitral regurgitation: implications for management. Circulation. 2008;118(22):2298–2303.
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  18. National Health Service. Mitral valve problems. 2020. Available at: www.nhs.uk/conditions/mitral-valve-problems(last accessed: March 2023). 
  19. American Heart Association. Problem: Mitral Valve Regurgitation. 2016. Available at: www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valveproblems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-regurgitation (last accessed: March 2023).
  20. Spieker M, Kelm M, Westenfeld R. Moderne Diagnostik der Mitral- und Trikuspidalklappe – was ist wirklich notwendig? Aktuelle Kardiologie. 2017;6:265–70.
    doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-115534.
  21. Young A, Feldman T. Percutaneous mitral valve repair. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2014;16(1):443. doi.org/10.1007/s11886-013-0443-6.
  22. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, 3 authors, et al.. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary:
    A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021;143(5):e35–e71.
    doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000932.
  23. Ling LH, Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, et al. Clinical outcome of mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(19):1417-1423.
    doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199611073351902.
  24. Mirabel M, Iung B, Baron G, et al. What are the characteristics of patients with severe, symptomatic, mitral regurgitation who are denied surgery? Eur Heart J.
    2007;28(11):1358–65. doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm001.
  25. Nielsen SL. Current status of transcatheter mitral valve repair therapies - From surgical concepts towards future directions. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2016;50(5-6):367-376. doi.org/10.1080/14017431.2016.1248482
  26. Asgar AW, Mack MJ, Stone GW. Secondary mitral regurgitation in heart failure: pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapeutic considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(12):1231–1248. doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.009
  27. Iung B, Baron G, Tornos P, et al. Valvular heart disease in the community: a European experience. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2007;32(11):609-661. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2007.07.002
  28. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(18):e895–e1032. doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
  29. Coats AJS, Anker SD, Baumbach A, Alfieri O, von Bardeleben RS, Bauersachs J, et al. The management of secondary mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure: a joint position statement from the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), and European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) of the ESC. Euro Heart J. 2021;42(13):1254–1269. doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab086

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