The diagnosis of heart failure is challenging. To guide you through the process, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed the below recommendations1:
Figure 1: The diagnostic algorithm for heart failure. BNP=B-type natriuretic peptide; ECG=electrocardiogram; HFmrEF=heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF=heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF=heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP=N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide.
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- McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599–3726. doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.