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As recommended in the 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) and 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines,38,39 patients with TR should be managed by a multidisciplinary heart…
Diagnosis

Most early-stage TR is clinically silent,1 and even with severe TR, some patients may be asymptomatic.27 In patients who become symptomatic of TR, the prevalence and severity of the symptoms are…
Guidelines

Summary of current relevant international guidelines on the diagnosis of TR Transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention has now been elevated to a Class IIa, Level of Evidence (LoE) A…
Overview

TRI-SCORE RISK SCORE MODEL FOR ISOLATED TRICUSPID VALVE SURGERY Secondary TR arising from RV remodelling can be classified in three progressive stages26 Initial Right Ventricular (RV)…
Guidelines

Summary of the current guidelines LEARN MORE: ESC/EACTS GUIDELINES 2025 The approach to mitral stenosis (MS) is evolving. Rheumatic MS is still treated with percutaneous mitral…
Overview

Two Types of Mitral Regurgitation 1-YEAR MORTALITY UP TO 57%* Mitral regurgitation, if left untreated, initiates a…
Surgical Repair or Replacement

PRIMARY MITRAL REGURGITATION (PMR) Surgical repair of the mitral valve is the gold standard treatment for PMR in patients with evidence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction or dilation.6,17,22…
Transcatheter Replacement

TRANSCATHETER Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVr): To date, TMVR has generally been used in: Surgical high-risk patients. Patients who are not candidates for TMVr as their mitral valve anatomy is…
Transcatheter Repair

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) is a minimally invasive option: Overall, many patients in need of valve reconstruction or replacement do not undergo surgery because of high perioperative…
Diagnosis

MR is a progressive disease, and patients may remain asymptomatic even when the condition has become severe, as compensatory mechanisms develop.11 In some cases, the following symptoms may be…